Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors provide a novel platform for numerous biotechnological processes. Their compact design allows for {highthroughput and ideal environmental settings. The characteristics of the hollow fibers facilitates exchange between the internal environment and the surrounding media, enabling optimized biomass production. So

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a thorough performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors, examining key variables such as permeate